Physical Geography of the North East - 2551 Words

Project 1: My Physical Geography My name is Thomas and I Study Journalism at Uconn. What makes me unique is that I play the didgeridoo. What I would like to get out of taking this class is a better understanding of what the world is made of and how people live in there part of the globe. I am from Bedford, New York. Bedford is about an hour north of New York City. 2. Weather and Climate: Bedford New York is located in North Eastern United States. The average temperature there is around 85 degrees Fahrenheit during the summer and around 25 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the winter. Bedford is located further inland than most other locations so temperatures do fluctuate, because of its distance from major oceans. Bedford†¦show more content†¦We receive enough precipitation that allows us to store water in reservoirs that can last year round. The local area and surrounding towns contain several lakes which provide water for NYC and its boroughs. It is a rich surrounding in Bedford, that is largely rural, filled with deciduous trees making up small forests. I remember one year we grew pine trees, in the back yard, and I distinctly remember one Christmas going out and actually lopping off the top of one of those trees to put inside. This leads me to describe the area as relatively wooded, area that does show clear signs of human development there, but nothin g as great as an urban center, but more just a light infrastructure. 3. Biogeography and soils If I haven t already in subsequent chapters let me dive into the biological geography in this next paragraph. Bedford is a series of hardwood forests, followed by open grasses that are maintained by man. There does though leave a large amount of natural vegetation and wildlife. Bedford has mostly hardwood deciduous forests surrounding it. The ample amount of rain and the short winters allow for these forests to take place. The wildlife though, much like the forests are not of much noticeable variety, we don t have any large predators living near us, such as wolves, or coyotes. In fact I don t ever hear about bear sightings either. The most common animals that I see are the squirrels and the deer population. Granted on occasionShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Physical And Human Geography Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between physical geography, human (or cultural) geography, and regional geography. Give examples of each. A: The major difference between physical and human geography, is that physical geography exists without the presence of human beings, as where human geography is a byproduct of human activity on the earth. Regional geography is a study of both physical and human geography with in a specific spatial unit. Mountains, and oceans or seas are great examples of physical geography. They have beenRead MoreImportance Of Geography Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesJustin Merry What is geography?......... And why do we study it? Geography is knowledge of not only where places are, but also why and how they are there. And also predicting where places may be in the future. The word geography originated from the Greeks. It literally translates to â€Å"Earth Description†. Which makes sense because thats exactly what geography is. Geography is an all encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexities. Two termsRead MoreThe Syrian Arab Republic, A Country On The Continent Of Asia1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Syrian Arab Republic also known as Syria is a country on the continent of Asia. It lies on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. It shares borders with Turkey on the north and northeast, Iraq on the east, Jordon on the south, Israel and Lebanon on the south west and its coastal region on the west. 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Similar geographicalRead MoreHuman Use Of Australia s Environment1602 Words   |  7 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3†¨ 4.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3†¨5 Physical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3†¨ 5.1 Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3†¨ 5.2 ClimateRead MoreThe Greek And Roman Civilizations830 Words   |  4 Pages the people should be absolutely perfect. Especially the men. They found that the physical form was most pleasing to the eye and wanted to accentuate that beauty and deliver it through art. They sought out to present infinite elegance. Flawless statues and paintings showed men and women in their most â€Å"beautiful† state. If their sitter ( the model for the painting, sculpture or carving/shaving ) had physical flaws the artist would reshape the figure in the clay or on canvas. The Romans wantedRead MoreRegional Critique of North America1454 Words   |  6 PagesRegional Critique of North America The North American continent is located within the Northern, and Western Hemisphere bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the East, South America to the Southeast, Arctic Ocean to the North, and Pacific Ocean to the west. North America precedes Africa and Asia in largeness since it accommodates twenty three states with diverse population and cultures. North America comprises of 41 countries with United States of America having the highest population and Montserrat

Swot Analysis Corporate Social Responsibility - 785 Words

The term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† (CSR), is described by the International Organization for Standardization (known as ISO) strategic advisory group on CSR as â€Å"a balanced approach† which organizations use to handle economic, social and environmental issues in order to benefit people, communities and society (ISO, 2002). Also, Burchell (2008: 252) believes that CSR has â€Å"the power to rebuild† the values of the contemporary corporation and the subsequent behavior and practice that such values inflict. Nowadays, more and more companies are aware of the significance of CSR reporting and corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD), and realizing that in the long term, it may facilitate the increase of company value and the acceleration of business growth (KPMG, 2008). Nevertheless, this does not necessarily result in more responsible performance. In this dissertation, the successive employee suicides at Foxconn are chosen in order to examine how a company accounts for events through social and environmental disclosure. The dissertation illustrates how a company responds to media reports on negative events. Since in recent years, sensational workplace suicides occurred frequently in both developed and developing countries, which has gained heightened attention among government departments, the news media, the public and business administrators. In 2010, during the only 4-month period from January 23 to May 26, 12 employees of Foxconn’s Shenzhen factories inShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis : Corporate Social Responsibility2777 Words   |  12 Pagesbrand. In the report we will This report will look at UPS approach to CSR in terms of its 4 key responsibilities economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities by using some strategic tools on the 4 responsibility. 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Life events Free Essays

What are the 3 moments in my life that made me into the person I am today. Well when I was first asked that question by my teacher I kinda laughed to myself. This is going to be easy Just take three things that have happened to me that kinda of go with each other throw in some deep heart moving things that teachers eat up and call it done. We will write a custom essay sample on Life events or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I started I chose my adoption ,my brothers adoption and my puppy adoption all events that follow a close thread easy to write about and all happy tear Jerker events. As I started writing them up I immediately felt that these werent the events I should be writing about. The adoption of my brother wasnt really all that important to me. What some government papers say and a Judge decides means little to me. My brother is my brother thats it , the kid fought for my love thats the story I want to tell how a little boy taught me to love and care for somebody else. A love I sealed off by naming him. Then my adoption it sounds contradictory to my previous statement but this event is not really so much about me being accepted into my family by some old dood with hammer but about the happiness one feels when a fight has been won the happiness and Joy a young child an see on his parents face. astly the adoption of my puppy Just really wasn’t all that life changing. Sure she is cute and amazing and I could probably type it up to make it a cute boy-meets-dog story that makes the reader feel all warm and fuzzy. Once again, that’s not an event that changed me. Instead I want to tell you about a small talk that changed my view on life. let me tell yo u about the first event. My brothers name is Joshua kevin Shupe- Shellooe but when he first came to us he was simply Mario a name I personally hated. When my brother and I met I didn’t like him. With his constant whining and rying but what really got me was he would never talk. He would do everything but talk to get what he needed. He would follow me around non stop and copy all my actions. I hated him. I was mean to him and tried everything I could do to to get him to leave me alone and leave the family. There was one point when my parents considered not going through with the adoption. Josh was a never-ending ball of love to me and I didn’t get it. I was doing everything I could think of to make him hate me. It seemed as if the more I tried to hate him, the more I fell into his neverending spell f love. After awhile I couldn’t help but to start to love him. The little kid with the toothless smile and the eyes that held the vast wisdom that only can be found in the eyes of a young child. He was teaching me love and compassion and he had no clue. He name was still Mario but he was Mario my friend. As time went by he started to open up. He started to talk a little and always asked for me, his big brother, to tuck him in. Always full of questions that a six year old, know it all either answered correctly or made up something that sounded right. He always cared for everybody. He was the kid who was always willing to give you the last Juice box or let you watch your favorite tv show Just to make you happy. He was still Mario though my friend not my brother but that soon changed. It changed one early morning while my Dad and Pop were throwing around names that we could call Mario. Out of nowhere I said his name is â€Å"Joshua†. my parents were a little shocked but they liked the name and brother. Now that I think about it, what better name for a boy that tore down the barriers and showed me blind love and taught me care and faith in the unknown. The name Joshua comes from the Bible. He was the leader of the Israelites after Moses. One of the most important and most well known stories of Joshua is when he marched around the gates of Jericho and his army and him blew rams horns and marched seven days around the city of because God had told Joshua that on the seventh day the walls would fall. This reminds me of my brother Josh. He followed blind love and faith and he tore down the walls I had around my heart, much like Joshua in the Bible and his blind faith. For me this was an event that changed me. I learned love and I learned care from a boy of only two years old. The second event was my adoption though it went before Joshuas im choosing to explain the events by the most impactfull for me. lt started as all adoption days start . I got up and my Pop and Dad gave me a bath. They obsessed over my hair and my brand new suit. As a kid I loved getting all dressed up it gave me a reason to forget who I was and pretend I was someone else. I remember walking out the door and feeling like I was the boss and the baddest thing to hit this earth since sliced bread. I got in the car and my parents prept me on what I was going to be asked and how I should answer. Behind all the prep talk I could see the pure excitement and Joy in their eyes and tears. Even though I was young I knew this was a big deal I knew that this was the day that my fathers and I were going to be together forever if all went well. I knew we were a family whether or not it went well but somehow even at a young age I felt that the adoption was more for them than me it was a sign to them that all there hard work had paid off and they could feel the pure Joy and excitement ofa child . I couldn’t help but feel excited too. When we got to the courthouse in san jose my godmothers were there my uncle dale and cousins and my godfathers. Everybody was asking me if I was excited and there was a never ending stream of kisses and hugs. they told me to weight in a side room well they finished up the rest of the paper work after what seemed like a lifetime of waiting they finally brought me in and lead me two the courtroom. When I walked in we sat down in chairs in front of the Judge. At the time I was a little more excited with the fact that there was a microphone on the desk. I kept singing songs and yelling into it. Finally the Judge told me to stop and asked me a serious of long questions that I can’t begin to remember. Which I answered yes too to them all. There was one question I do remember it was the last question he asked me † Do you Alexander Ignacio Shupe-Shellooe take these two loving parents to be your parents for the rest of your life i said mies†. At that point my Pop started to cry I didn’t get why he was crying I felt bad I thought I said something wrong. â€Å"Pop why are you Crying† â€Å"Because I’m so happy son† I didn’t get it then but I do now. After the long search for their child the struggle to get me in there home the fght against hatred and stereotypes to finally have the government let me n my parents home it was finally over they had won. As I grew older I became more aware of the underlying significance of this event. I promised myself that one day i would find a dream and pursue it to the end so I can feel the Joy my Dads felt and the overwhelming happiness . The last event is a small conversation i had that made me think and wonder about the other kids think , you’re a warrior Alex I know you can make it so dont bring yourself down you have made it through two years of treatment you have tought me alot. lll miss you I have seen you grow and have witnessed your pain and your hurt. You have gone from a kid who punched walls till his knuckles bled and would fght any kid who looked at him wrong cause he was scared of everything . Tto who you are now a kid who looks after the younger boys whos a leader in this school and has helped the school through some of the roughest times. You still have anger and pain don’t forget it. Use it to fuel you to pursue your dreams smile big love your life but don’t forget the hurt † That was the last time I ever talked to Sean, Sean was my mentor the wise man who lead me and guided me through my work through treatment. The words he Just spoke to me would change me. as leaving treatment for the first time in two years getting ready to embark on a new Journey. I couldn’t help but wonder if it was all worth it if the experience was really a life changing event. I thought about Sean and the kids I have met the tears I’ve shed and the Joy I had felt. I started to realized that no matter how bad it was I would never take it back . The days I woke up early and had to work in the yard tending plants and gardening and picking fruits to the kids I had swear to me they kill me to the adults that pounded in manners and respect into my mind. Those were things that made e into who I am now. I knew that when I left treatment I was leaving as a new kid. I no longer hated the world for the hurt I felt when I was younger or for putting me in treatment. I love the world I have learned to cherish everything I have and be thankful for all the gifts I have been givin . 1 realized that behind all the pain and hurt and anger is sadness. I was going to use the sadness to fuel my determination to do better in my life. Even though I was leaving and didnt know what was going to happen I had new insight on how to handle hard things in my life. How do all these experiences connect with eachother. They all contain a overall blanket lesson percervierence. Weather or not it was my brother pushing for my love and exceptince or my parents struggle and fght to have me legally called there son or even a simple chat to one friend to another about never giving up these all talked about the struggle to move forward. These are the stories that made me into who I am now. Who I am I im Alexander Ignacio Shupe Shellooe a loving caring percerverent boy who is striving and looking for a goal that gives him happiness and joy and does not fear hardship because thats what will fuels him for success in his life. How to cite Life events, Essays

Forecast Of Business Bankruptcy Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Forecast Of Business Bankruptcy. Answer: Introduction: Ever since the bookkeeping introduction during the initial 21st century, the issues of corporate governance and ethics have largely engrossed the attentions of investigators, experts and rule makers. WorldCom inflated the proceeds by $3.8 billion by incorrectly categorizing the expenditure as the investments. Enron on the other hand was regarded as the portrait of business scam and fraud that moved the debt off from its records of accounts and offered a deceptive financial position (Wang and Lin 2010, pp.1-27). The current essay is based on the study of association among the corporate governance and bankruptcy risk. Discussion: Corporate governance is referred as a means of supervision and process of control to guarantee that the directors of company work in accordance with the benefits of shareholders (Saad 2010, pp.105-114). The structures, procedures, culture or systems offer successful organizations operations. The major causes of company going bankruptcy is the insufficient internal control that originates from the corporate governance. Due to the separation of organization from the control and supervision conversation, the shareholders are unable to deal with the administration conversation and the board of directors are under obligation of securing the benefits of shareholders (Zare et al. 2013, pp.786-792). Therefore, the formation of board of directors and structure of direction are regarded as the vital mechanism in supervising the financial functions of firms as they act as guide for directors to implement control internally in the process of corporate governance. On assessing the relation among the corporate governance indexes and its bankruptcy a number of experimental lessons have been issued relating to board of directors and organizations operations (Nakano and Nguyen 2012, pp.369-387). Taking into the account the separation of possession from the internal control, the shareholders are unable to make interference in the affairs of management and the board of directors are under obligation of protecting the benefits of shareholders (Zheng and Das 2018, pp.6-54). However, there are no major cause of believing that the directors act in best manner to secure the benefits of shareholders. If the directors increase their benefits in companys profitability costs the benefits of shareholders might face hazard. According to the agency theory stated by Eling and Marek (2014, pp.653-682) the directors are not considered trustworthy hence, monitoring the mechanism of supervision it is necessary to overcome probable differences among them. In the literature of finance there is no ordinary term for bankruptcy. Bankruptcy represents financial situations, failure of organization, incapable of paying debts. As stated by Fracassi (2015, pp.231-245) bankrupt firms represents those firms that have ceased their business operations because of transferring bankruptcy or have ceased present business operations because of loss suffered by creditors. In the words of Li, Jahera and Yost (2013, pp.204-227) bankruptcy refers to a situation when an organization is unable to meet its debt obligations. In majority of the cases bankruptcy occurs due to state financial and economic problems. By virtue of Admati (2017, pp.131-50) examined the relationship amongst features of corporate governance and bankruptcy. The findings have demonstrated that the managing directors influence decreases the occurrence of financial crisis probability in the next five years however the features of corporate governance does not have significant impact on the occurrence of financial crisis and bankruptcy. Conclusive evidences have suggested that the influence of managing directors have the impact on the organizations system of internal control to avoid financial maladies and the occurrence of bankruptcy. The conclusion provides a strong indication that manager decreases the probability of crisis and financial disorders are in accordance with the earlier theory and empirical evidences. According to Nakano and Nguyen (2012, pp.369-387) it is noticed that if there is a significant amount of association between the directors independence and board financial risk situations. Evidences suggest that organizations that faces bankruptcy risks had less number of unbounded members in their directors board. Evidences suggest that organizations rescue from risk of bankruptcy depending upon the stability and individuality rate of the members of directors. Studies conducted by Darrat et al. (2016, pp.163-202) provides an evidence that the relation of an organizations control and possession structures is associated with the financial risk. The findings have suggested that companies that faces financial crisis had less amount of possession concentration. Studies have suggested that there is a considerable negative relation among the influence of managing director and bankruptcy risk conditions reflecting the managing director as the major influencing factor (Manzaneque, Priego and Merino (2016, pp.111-121). Additionally, the findings have showcased that the corporate governance variables comprise of unbounded directors, possession of management, internal auditing, internal control and internal proficiency in auditing does not possess any noteworthy relation with the organizations bankruptcy risk situations. There is a reverse and noteworthy association among the managing directors influence and financial risk situations. The bankruptcy risk occurrence probability is lower in organizations that are having high influence of managing director. Tricker and Tricker (2015, 135-156) have invested the effect of other corporate governance features on the size and directors independence in company board. The findings have represented a noteworthy and negative association between the size and ratio of unbound members in possession concentration and board independence. Furthermore, there is also a noteworthy and positive relationship amongst the magnitude of directors panel and organization size. The findings have suggested that there is an important and negative relationship amid the ratio of unbound directors and risk of bankruptcy. Evidences obtained suggest that structure of directions in some of the companies are in such a manner that the influence of managing directors was greater in bankruptcy firms than the non-solvent companies. Therefore, there is a noteworthy and positive association between the influence of managing director and bankruptcy risk. A momentous and adverse relationship between the board proportions of directors and bankruptcy risk with no significant relation among the outer possession and bankruptcy risk. As mentioned by Elshandidy and Neri (2015, pp.331-356) a weak system of corporate governance might increase the probability of bankruptcy even in organizations that have better financial operations. Their findings have investigated the role and features of board of directors along with their composition way in respect to organizations success and ability to pay off debts. Empirical studies have reflected that both the procedure and features of directors board drives an organization towar ds bankruptcy. As opinion by Mandzila and Zghal (2016, p.637) the most stated and referred reasons, relating to organization bankruptcy is the lack of internal control that arises from the organizations weak dominance. There are yet some organizations that possess frail financial operations due to financial crisis and organizations weak dominance. Empirical findings have suggested that business firms that have experienced financial crisis are largely because of weak management. On general circumstances organizations with concentrated possessions are less likely to be discharged from the list of stock exchange due to bankruptcy. Study conducted by Liang et al. (2016, pp.561-572) proposed a vital negative association between the possessions concentration and occurrence of bankruptcy situations. When the disorder and financial crisis takes place the mechanism of supervision is very essential as the increase in control need influences the possession way of investors. When the financial crisis increases, there is more expectation of possession concentration (Skeel 2014, p.1015). In contrast studies have suggested that possession concentration accompanies several costs but it is necessary to understand that possession concentration does not create any strong motive to increase the value of company. The possession concentration enforces more costs because of excessive concentration and potential powers to discharge the minority shareholders from the possession on organizations. The low possession concentration will result in positive motivating impact on the economic functions of the organizations. Findings by Skeel (2014, p.1015) in respect of relation among the possession structure and company operations represents that possession structure creates a vital impact on the effects of joint stock organizations in a manner that there is a strong and constructive link among the profitability and possession concentration. The existence of concentration in the organization possession results in absolute control on the day to day affairs of the companies. Additionally, the shareholders may reduce the problems of companies by controlling the administration functions by virtue of sufficient information. As stated by Du Plessis, Hargovan and Harris (2018, pp. 657-678) businesses that are rescued from the financial crisis are reliant on the role of independent directors in the directors board. There is a considerable amount of association between the independent directors board arrangement and situations of financial crisis. The businesses that have faced financial crisis possessed less directors board members. Empirical evidences have suggested that companies with additional number of independent directors and extra internal possessors are less likely to be discharged from the list of stock exchange. This is because if the number of outer directors are more then there is a less likely chances of fraud and bankruptcy. Businesses that have more number of independent directors are less likely to breakdown with less probability of crisis. As per Agrawal and Cooper (2017, pp.165) provides that a directors board with less number of members have considerable amount of correlation with the bankruptcy. A comparative study shows that companies with bankruptcy and those that are successful have the tendency of having more number of members in their board. A board with more number of members might contain high management power with higher company functions. Alternatively, the fall in the size of board of directors possess direct relation with the bankruptcy occurrence in the organizations facing crisis. The head of directors board must supervise the managing directors, regulate the agendas and direct the board session of directors. On noticing that the managing director benefits differing from shareholders then the influence of managing director is problematic. As indicated by Larcker and Tayan (2015, pp.176-209) businesses that have unbound head of directors board has the better functions than the companies that are under the influence of managing directors. The influence of managing director does not weaken the operations but might create an influence on the market understanding relating to the control rate that is excited on the financial reporting procedure. On finding that the influence of managing director decreases the supervision on the management results in probable increase in bankruptcy risks. In other words, there is a significant amount of association among the managing directors influence and risk of bankruptcy. Berger, Imbierowicz and Rauch (2016, pp.729-770) defines the impact of corporate governance does not remain even through all the organizations and there are one size that fits the entire practice of corporate governance. Evidences obtained from the non-banking strong businesses recognized in the preceding study might not provide an explanation relating to the efficiency of the convinced features of governance for circumstances in which businesses are about to become financially troubled or insolvent. At least there are two reasons behind such differences. At first governance arrangements that are operative and valuable for some business may be unproductive and counterproductive for other business (Berger, Imbierowicz and Rauch 2016, pp.729-770). Secondly, organizations performance cannot be considered as the sole factor that causes bankruptcy and poor performance might not necessarily result in immediate bankrupt position. Bankruptcy is associated with the numerous conditions such as firms fixed costs operating and leverage, percentage of illiquid assets and sales sensitivity. Evidences from the preceding paragraph suggest that a bigger board structure is more probable to lessen the likelihood of bankruptcy, varying from the proposal laid down in readings that bigger board can be less operational than smaller boards (Saad 2010, pp.105-114). The results obtained from the study suggest that fall in the likelihood of bankruptcy happens on conditions when the multifaceted organizations engage bigger board. Conclusively, the improved advisory volume of the bigger size of board seems to be comparatively advantageous to the highly multifaceted companies when facing severe financial burden. Conclusion: The literature significantly contributes by offering an inclusive examination of the impact that the organization features, mainly the amount of firm complication and business requirement for special understanding have on the association among the corporate governance and bankruptcy risk. It is noticed that having a larger board lowers down the risk of bankruptcy. The study provides suggestion that devising a bigger percentage of internal directors lowers the hazard of insolvency and bankruptcy in businesses. The evidence from the principle mechanisms investigation reflects that organizations that eventually file for bankruptcy suffer from the bad structure of corporate governance well before the bankruptcy occurrence. References: Admati, A.R., 2017. A skeptical view of financialized corporate governance.Journal of Economic Perspectives,31(3), pp.131-50. Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2017. Corporate governance consequences of accounting scandals: Evidence from top management, CFO and auditor turnover.Quarterly Journal of Finance,7(01), pp.165. Berger, A.N., Imbierowicz, B. and Rauch, C., 2016. The roles of corporate governance in bank failures during the recent financial crisis.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,48(4), pp.729-770. Darrat, A.F., Gray, S., Park, J.C. and Wu, Y., 2016. Corporate governance and bankruptcy risk.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,31(2), pp.163-202. Du Plessis, J.J., Hargovan, A. and Harris, J., 2018.Principles of contemporary corporate governance pp. 657-678. Cambridge University Press. Eling, M. and Marek, S.D., 2014. Corporate governance and risk taking: Evidence from the UK and German insurance markets.Journal of Risk and Insurance,81(3), pp.653-682. Elshandidy, T. and Neri, L., 2015. Corporate governance, risk disclosure practices, and market liquidity: comparative evidence from the UK and Italy.Corporate Governance: An International Review,23(4), pp.331-356. Fracassi, C., 2015. FIN 395.10 (UNIQUE 03525) Empirical methods in corporatefinance pp.231-245. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences pp.176-209. Pearson Education. Li, H., Jahera Jr, J.S. and Yost, K., 2013. Corporate risk and corporate governance: another view.Managerial Finance,39(3), pp.204-227. Liang, D., Lu, C.C., Tsai, C.F. and Shih, G.A., 2016. Financial ratios and corporate governance indicators in bankruptcy prediction: A comprehensive study.European Journal of Operational Research,252(2), pp.561-572. Mandzila, E.E.W. and Zghal, D., 2016. Content analysis of board reports on corporate governance, internal controls and risk management: evidence from France.Journal of Applied Business Research,32(3), p.637. Manzaneque, M., Priego, A.M. and Merino, E., 2016. Corporate governance effect on financial distress likelihood: Evidence from Spain.Revista de Contabilidad,19(1), pp.111-121. Nakano, M. and Nguyen, P., 2012. Board size and corporate risk taking: further evidence from Japan.Corporate Governance: An International Review,20(4), pp.369-387. Saad, N.M., 2010. Corporate governance compliance and the effects to capital structure in Malaysia.International Journal of Economics and Finance,2(1), pp.105-114. Skeel Jr, D.A., 2014. Rediscovering Corporate Governance in Bankruptcy.Temp. L. Rev.,87, p.1015. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices pp.135-156. Oxford University Press, USA. Wang, C.J. and Lin, J.R., 2010. Corporate governance and risk of default.International Review of Accounting, Banking and Finance,2(3), pp.1-27. Zare, R., Kavianifard, H., Sadeghi, L. and Rasouli, F., 2013. Examining the Relation between Corporate Governance Indexes and its Bankruptcy Probability from the Agency Theory Perspective.International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences,2(10), pp.786-792. Zheng, C. and Das, A., 2018. Does Bank Corporate Governance Matter For Bank Performance And Risk-Taking? pp.6-54. New Insights of an Emerging Economy.

Shave the Fluff Off Your Copy

SHAVE THE FLUFF OFF YOUR COPY Lots of copywriters love fluff. They gravitate toward it instinctively because it sounds good. Check out this sentence: â€Å"At Acme Pet Supplies, we offer superior customer service to match our outstanding products.† You might be thinking, â€Å"Oooh – that sounds so good! Everyone wants to see that a company has ‘superior customer service.’ Anyone who reads that Acme has ‘outstanding products’ will be persuaded to shop at Acme Pet Supplies, right?† Wrong. Though it sounds appealing on the surface, that statement is weak. First of all, that sentence could be describing almost any business in any industry. It’s a fluffy generality that could be describing an auto repair shop or a deli. Secondly, â€Å"superior customer service† and â€Å"outstanding products† are unsubstantiated claims. Consumers are bombarded by statements like these all the time and tune them out. Instead of padding your copy with fluffy phrases, use solid details to sell your products. Take another stab at that first sentence: â€Å"Recognized for outstanding customer service by the American Pet Supply Organization, Acme Pet Supply stocks everything pet owners need – from canary food to chew toys.† No more fluff. Readers are left with a verifiable fact about Acme Pet Supply that proves Acme excels in customer service. Plus, this new version tells readers the most important thing they need to know: they can get all their pet supplies at Acme. The next time you’re tempted to use an empty phrase, remember that your copy will be stronger if you shave away the fluff and leave only the facts.

Bob Brown Book review essays

Bob Brown Book review essays The Book review will consist of a critical, reflective analysis of a book which makes a major contribution to green/environmental thought. You will need to obtain approval for the book to be reviewed. The analysis should be approximately 2500 words. Due date is May 15, 2004. Brown. B. (2004) Memo for a Saner World. Penguin Books Camberwell, Victoria, Australia Browns Book is quite an easy read and I would suggest it is aimed at a young audience - most likely young voters. However the fact that this is an election year doesnt make the issues Brown (2004) raises any less poignant. This book also makes clear Browns emotional connection with his world and his mission, which turns his book of potentially depressing fact and figures on governments, and industries, lack of Greenness, into an inspirational piece. As an introduction to Memo for a Saner World I have included the blurb which appears on the back cover. It reads thus- Over the years, Bob Brown has been assaulted, jailed, vilified and shot at for his stance on the environment and human rights. This is his account of the defining moments in that life of activism, from the famous Franklin River blockade to his parliamentary protest against George Bush - a few minutes that gave voice to what many Australians felt but had no way of saying. By turns inspiring, compassionate and outraged, this personal story of being green makes the key issues easily understood. If you're someone who avoids reading about the world because you think it's too depressing, here's the good news: it's worse if you don't know. While some of the facts Bob presents are less than cheerful, his message is powerfully hopeful. With Bob Brown and the Greens set to become even more influential in Australian life, Memo for a Saner World is an essential record of what he stands for. The insight into a charter like Brown through his own writings is thwart with ...

ASDA Employee Motivation Research

ASDA Employee Motivation Research Research Project â€Å"To determine some vital roles of leadership in   improving the sense of motivation in employees in   the retail organisations of UK- A study on ASDA†. Task 1 Understand how to formulate a research specification Part 1: You have to create a research proposal in a subject of your interest. In doing this, you have to formulate and record possible research project outline specifications (AC1.1); Identify the factors that contribute to the process of research project selection ( AC1.2); Undertake a critical review of key references (AC 1.3) ;Produce a research project specification (AC1.4). Introduction Business organisations are an integral part of nation’s economy in today’s globalised set of environment where all industrial sectors are largely concerned about a timely achievement of their stipulated goals and objectives. In context to which, they are hereby required to operate with a strategic arrangement of their action plans to duly accomplish their stipulated targets on time. It is with reference to yet another prime concept of realism in today’s set of business where an establishment is comprised of two vital set of bodies entitled as employees and employers (Alfalfa-Luque, Marin-Garcia and Medina-Lopez, 2015 ). Wherein, the employees are direct in charge of their respective set of employers where they are with a through accountability of guiding them. This in turn has breakdown the preceding role of employers where they are mainly positioned at two vital profiles of leaders and managers in the organisation. Both these parties are required to perform a similar set of responsibility by thoroughly guiding their respective set of employees and generate a prior sense of encouragement in them. It is mainly with respect to carry out there assigned tasks on time for an eventual achievement of their organisational goals and objectives. In order to achieve this research, I will start by: To analyse the fact ual concept of leadership in retail organisations of UK To discover the adopted tools of motivation in ASDA To identify the relationship between the tact of leadership and motivation in ASDA To recommend some principle strategies to enhance the motivation level of employees with some profound tactics of leadership Background of the study The present survey is based upon a configured purpose of exploring the function of leadership to enhance the sense of motivation in the deputed employees of retail organisations in UK. For which, a renowned retail enterprise named ASDA has been taken into consideration for it where it is a subsidiary supermarket of Wal-Mart as its parent company ( Cadden, Marshall and Cao, 2013 ). With a foundation year of near about 68 years, it is currently headquartered at Leeds that is in the West Yorkshire of England. It is evident to deal into grocery products along with general merchandise commodities and fiscal services as well. As per a recent tran scription of the year 2016, ASDA is depicted to be extended in around 630 distinct locations at a global level. Herein, it is also ascertained to employ total 180, 000 number of workers to operate at its widespread locations. The current study has hereby focussed to interpret the adopted procedures of ASDA to motivate their deputed set of employees by aligning it to their applied tact of leadership at the workplace. Leaders in ASDA are evident to play a crucial role in handling the work of their respective set of teams ( Kim and Brymer, 2011 ).

Data Mining for Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Data Mining for Auditing - Essay Example However, with increased use of databases, comes a new challenge: how to make sense of the abundant data Auditors are overwhelmed with massive collection of data. Omnipresent personal computers, low cost multi-gigabyte disks, ubiquitous electronics and new generation database languages have made it very simple for companies to capture data and save it without any worries of loss of space, time or computing power. This benefit of databases to companies is also the bane to auditors. However, the effective utilisation of one robust technology will bring sense to the chaos generated by databases: Data Mining. Data Mining aims at converting data to sensible information. It intends to extract information from the data repositories in a manner as needed by the auditor. The auditors, with the help of data mining techniques can 'mine' for the relevant information needed to perform their assessment without having to bother about the irrelevant data. This report aims at analysing the benefits brought about by applying data mining technologies to auditing. As a part of the process of analysing the benefits, the paper also presents the technological overview of data mining, the problem faced by auditors and the tools and techniques data mining provides to alleviate the problems. Auditing: An Introduction to the Problem Domain Auditing is commonly defined as the process of accumulating and analysing information to detect the degree of conformance of the information with the pre-set criteria (Arens & Loebbecke, 2000). During its inception, auditing was an activity performed only to check financial compliance with the goals set. However today, it is an activity that is carried rigorously across all the domains of an enterprise. Auditing involves analysing the information from all departments including manufacturing, operations, human resource, finance and other verticals. Generally, companies hire independent auditors from outside the company to ascertain whether the statements of the company are in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). However auditing is facing very tough challenges. The demise of major companies such as Enron and Anderson are live examples to limn the depth of negative impact that can be brought about by improper auditing. The complexity of business transactions coupled with investor's complex business practises to gain more profits makes the job of an auditor very challenging (Vijayalakshmi, 2003). To ensure that an objective assessment is reached, an auditor must be presented with data at all levels. The company creates huge databases of statements, records and other data that an auditor is expected to analyse. However due to timing and cost constraints, auditors can not examine every detail behind the stacks of records. With massive improvements in technology such as the development of Supply Chain Management Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning applications, the amount of business transactions performed everyday has grown exponentially. Since, in most cases, a company hires an

The more we learn about culture, the greater our understanding of Essay - 2

The more we learn about culture, the greater our understanding of global consumerism,Discuss - Essay Example They go on to claim that people are â€Å"free and rational,† (Sheth & Malhotra, n.d, n.p) to make whatever choices they want about what to purchase, and that they have the desire to be different from others; this is what has resulted in the â€Å"rapid turn†over in goods and services,† (Sheth & Malhotra, n.d, n.p). Globalization has influenced this consumer culture in the way that ideas about what is fashionable spread from many parts of the world through the media and internet, creating what is a â€Å"global style,† (Globalization, 2010). Now we can sense that the consumer culture is becoming a global consumer culture; globalization has â€Å"homogenized images of the good life,† and created â€Å"sense of global identify and memory without which any cultural identity is incomplete,† (Sheth & Malhotra, n.d, n.p). Next, it should be helpful to explore what effect this globalization has on retailers and manufacturers in the fashion industry. Doherty notices how in UK there is a multitude of fashion retailers, both national and international, and how global brands have â€Å"come to characterize our major high streets and consumption patterns, and undoubtedly have an increasingly important influence on our lives and spending habits,† (Doherty, 2009, n.p). Globalization however means that the products provided by these international shops go through an extensive â€Å"network of contractors and subcontractors,† in different countries (Globalization, n.d, n.p). For example, a dress from a Gucci shop in Italy will be stitched and assembled in another country like Guatemala. It is rare that these international retailers like Nike, Gucci or Target produce their goods themselves; rather, they â€Å"source and market goods produced on contract in low-wage environments,† (Globaliza tion, n.d, n.p). Since these international retailers usually make huge profits,

Through the Tunnel Essay Example for Free

Through the Tunnel Essay Doris Lessing is a British writer who has a background of upbringing in various Afro-Asian countries like Persia and Rhodesia. But she is living in Britain since 1949. She has written extensively about the racial and also has taken into account the feminist themes like male-female relationship and female identity and freedom in contemporary Western society. There an autobiographical element in â€Å"Through the Tunnel† and she describes her own experiences in it. Symbolism is an important literary element that she utilizes in a subtle way to covey her themes. Through the Tunnel symbolizes her own adolescent experience at recognizing her difference with the world where she resides and the world she belongs to and the passage through the channel of identity crisis. The two areas of coast safe beach and dangerous beach Jerry looks at when he arrives at the coastline symbolize the two different worlds. Like Lessing he resides at a place where he has no solace. He connects his mother to that crowded beach due to the fact she has no identity of her own and is lost among the crowd. Lessing reflects her own image in the form of Jerry as her own parents especially her mother lost her true identity and remained a part of the world where they resided i.e. Persia and Rhodesia. They neither became a part of that society nor their own. â€Å"Jerry’s struggle is that of an individual trying to find his place in the world† (Sobeloff, 1997) Her mother helps him in this regard although she is concerned about him but she thinks that â€Å"Of course hes old enough to be safe without me.† (Lessing)   So she decides to let him go by saying; â€Å"Are you tired of the usual beach, Jerry? Would you like to go somewhere else?†Ã¢â‚¬  (Lessing) The Safe beach is a place that Lessing belongs too. Jerry feels a sense of independence and security while playing on that safe beach. That somewhere else is the place where he craves to go for. For Lessing that place is England i.e. her maternal ancestral home. Although she resided among the native African and felt their pathos and miseries but like Jerry, she â€Å"kept his distance at a stones throw.† (Lessing) Because she was different racially, linguistically and culturally. As â€Å"all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand.† (Lessing) Lessing and Jerry were different from them. The difference was not deep and based on hatred as â€Å"They shouted cheerful greetings at him†. (Lessing) Sobeloff says that â€Å"while there is no overt â€Å"color bar† guiding the interactions between Jerry and the older boys† (Sobeloff, 1997) but it was psychological. So Lessing felts the pains of Africans but psychologically she was an English being. The passage through the tunnel is an effort for one’s own identity and freedom. Lessing has to go through the suffering of this identity but she took it as challenge like jerry. Passage through this identity tunnel was marked with pathos and miseries but she never gave up. Whenever a child hankers after such an adventurous journey, there are friends, relative and parents who counsel and help in these issues but for Jerry there is no one to provide answer to his questions and to relieve him. Same was the case with Lessing. She struggled all alone for her identity and there was no help of any sort available to her. Hanford has beautifully summed up this challenge in her life; â€Å"Lessings life has been a challenge to her belief that people cannot resist the currents of their time, as she fought against the biological and cultural imperatives that fated her to sink without a murmur into marriage and motherhood.† (Hanford, 1995) Jerry toiled day ad night to pass that tunnel; â€Å"That day and the next, Jerry exercised his lungs as if everything, the whole of his life, all that he would become, depended upon it. And again his nose bled at night, and his mother insisted on his coming with her the next day.† (Lessing) Lessing went through the same toil and effort to remove the chasm between herself and her true identity. Because the beach where she was residing â€Å"It was not [her] beach.† (Lessing) Finally she won her fight and But unlike Jerry she â€Å"gave in at once.† (Lessing) Helleron clearly depicts the inner satisfaction of Lessing by saying that â€Å"When Jerry finally achieves his goal, there is no fanfare, no applause, just a quiet celebration within himself knowing that he succeeded.† (Helleron, 1997) References Hanford, Jan. Biography. A Readers Guide to The Golden Notebook Under My Skin, Harper Perennial, 1995. Holleran, Karen.† Through the Tunnel: The Search for Identity and Acceptance†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Short Stories for Students, Gale Research, 1997. Lessing, Doris. The Habit of Loving. London:   MacGibbon Kee, 1957   Sobeloff, Judy. Short Stories for Students, Gale Research, 1997.

The Thought Process of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- William Shakespea

The Thought Process of Shakespeare's Hamlet "If Hamlet from himself be ta'en away, And when he's not himself does wrong Laertes, Then Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it then? His madness. If't be so, Hamlet is of the faction that is wrong'd; His madness is poor Hamlet's enemy." (V.ii.230-235) Hamlet's self-description in his apology to Laertes, delivered in the appropriately distanced and divided third-person, explicitly fingers the greatest antagonist of the play†¹consciousness. The obligatory cultural baggage that comes along with Hamlet heeds little attention to the incestuous Claudius while focusing entirely on the gloomy Dane's legendary melancholia and his resulting revenge delays. As Laurence Olivier introduced his 1948 film version, "This is the tragedy of a man who couldn't make up his mind." By tracking the leitmotif of "thought" throughout the play, I will examine the conflicts that preclude Hamlet from unified decisions that lead to action. Shakespeare is not content, however, with the simple notion of thought as a mere signifier of the battle between the mind and the body. The real clash is a conflict of consciousness, of Hamlet's oscillations between infinite abstraction and shackled solipsism, between recognition of the heroic ideal and of his lim ited means, between the methodical mishmash of sanity and the total chaos of insanity. I repeat "between" not only for anaphoric effect, but to suggest Shakespeare's conception of thought; that is, a set of perspectivally-splintered realities which can be resolutely conflated, for better or worse, only by the mediating hand of action. Any discussion of Hamlet, a work steeped in contradictions and doubles, necessitates inquiry into passages ... ...ble that someday the legendary cultural baggage that accompanies Hamlet will be lost, and future generations may wish to judge the play on its dramatic merits and not on its required-reading position. If that is the case, they may very well "make" the play "bad" through their different perspective, one which we cannot yet appreciate, and Hamlet, already four centuries old, may disappear from our cultural consciousness. As the prince himself might say, perish the thought. Works Cited: Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991). Franco Moretti, Modern Epic (New York: Verso, 1996). Marjorie Nicolson, "The Breaking of the Circle" (Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1950). William Shakespeare, The Arden Shakespeare: Hamlet, ed. Harold Jenkins (England: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1982).

National Service Essay

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Awareness to the Health Problem of Violence Against Women

The American Nurses Association (ANA) supports education of nurses, health care providers and women in skills necessary for prevention of violence against women; assessment of women in health care institutions and community settings; and research on violence against women. ANA believes there is a need to increase awareness to the heath problem of violence against women, as well as reduce injuries and psychological misery associated with this crime. ANA believes health care professionals must be educated as to their role in the assessment, intervention, and prevention of physical violence against women. Further, ANA supports the YEAR 2000 Health Objectives, which cite the surveillance, prevention and intervention for violent behavior as a priority issue for the nation. Physical violence against women is behavior intended to inflict harm and includes, slapping, kicking, choking, punching, pushing, use of objects such as weapons, forced sexual activity and injury or death from a weapon. Physical violence is by definition, assault and it is a crime. Ninety-five percent of serious assaults by a spouse or intimate partner are men battering women. Abuse is the leading cause of injury to women and homicide a major cause of traumatic death to women. Physical violence against is pervasive and cuts across all ethnic, racial, religious, and socio-economic groups. Based on national survey results, 1. 8 million women are beaten by their husbands each year. Stated another way, one of every eight husbands assaults his wife at least once during a given year. Abuse during courtship and cohabiting relationships affects between 16 and 23 percent of all dating relationships. The FBI estimates that her male partner will physically assault one in two women during her lifetime. Frequently physical abuse begins during pregnancy with 25-30 percent of pregnant women reporting abuse prior to or during pregnancy. Pregnant women reporting abuse are more likely to deliver a low birth weight infant. Injuries to women sustained from abuse include contusions, concussions, lacerations, fractures and gun shot wounds. Emergency room records document that 22 to 35 percent of women presenting any complaint are there because of symptoms related to physical abuse. Some 1,000 women are killed each year by their male partner, almost always following years of physical abuse. The economic costs of interpersonal violence are high especially if a weapon is involved. The lifetime cost of firearm deaths and injuries are estimated at $23 billion in 1990 with more than 80 percent of the medical care costs borne by public funds. During the same year, injuries caused by interpersonal violence requiring hospitalization cost an estimated $80 billion. Because most physical violence between intimate partners goes underreported, the economic costs are grossly underrepresented. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Surgeon General and Centers for Disease Control have forwarded recommendations that all women be routinely screened for physical abuse and offered counseling, education, advocacy and appropriate referrals. Year 2000 Health Objectives cite the surveillance, prevention for violent behavior as a priority issue for the Nation.  · Routine education of all nurses and health care providers in the skills necessary to prevent violence against women Routine assessment and documentation for physical abuse of all women in any health care institution or community setting  · Targeted assessment of women at increased risk of abuse including pregnant women and women presenting in emergency rooms.  · Education of all women as to the cycle of violence, the potential for homicide, and community resources for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention and care.  · Education of school age children and adolescents in public schools about relationships without violence and community resources for help. Research on violence against women, including the development and evaluation of nursing models for preventive assessment, intervention, and treatment for abused women, their children and perpetrators of violence. Partner abuse victims tend to obscure their victimization. They are acutely aware that disclosure of their dilemma will be met with defiance or minimization by their partner, friends, and relatives and by increased abuse by their partners. When a woman becomes independent financially and emotionally the abuse increases the violence by their partner. Some end results are women killing the abusive partner, most of the time it is in self- defense after a history of beatings. Studies have been performed in reference to domestic violence and the abuse of drugs and alcohol. Some abusers are abstainers, however, more are substance abusers than not. The present view is that abusers use alcohol and drugs as an excuse for their violence and drink when are about to become violent. Apparently there seem to be a connection between alcohol and drugs and the severity of violence committed against women. In contrast, victims of domestic violence tend to blame the abuse on the substances used rather than on the abuser personally. The victim acknowledges that they do not enjoy the abuse, but believe their partners philosophy that they deserve the abuse. Victims of domestic violence stay with their abusive partner due to economic status, fear of physical danger to themselves and their children, fear of losing children, lack of job skills, lack of alternative housing, lack of support from family members and friends, lack of information regarding alternatives, fear of court procedures, and fear of partner retaliation. The majority of women have poor self image, are lonely, embarrassed and tend to protect the abuser, they are insecure about themselves and believe their partner is sick and needs their help.  · Backache, abdominal pain, indigestion, headaches, hyperventilation, anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, anorexia, heart palpitations, injuries without explanations and embarrassment about them, hidden injuries to head and neck, internal injuries, genital injuries, scars, burn, joint pain or dislocation, numbness, hearing problems, or bald spots. Injuries from a belt, iron, raised ring, teeth, fingertips, cigarette, gun, or knife, jumpiness or flinching in the presence of the abuser, substance abuse/suicidal thoughts or attempts, denial of any problems in their relationship, lack of relationships of friends or family, isolation or confinement to home. Believing in family unity at all costs and in traditional stereotypes, an overzealous partner who does not want to leave spouse alone in an emergency care unit. Battered woman syndrome is being suggested as a sub classification of PTSD due to repetitive abuse being a serious threat to the victim†s health and life. Battered women report nightmares, flashbacks, recurrent fears of more violence, emotional detachment, numbness, startle response, sleep problems, impaired concentration, and hyper vigilance. Victims show reactions to chronic trauma, but no symptoms of psychopathology are present. How can we help? We can offer information and assistance to these individuals who are victimized by their partners. Recognizing the symptoms (listed above) is the first step in offering assistance. Make an assessment (length/frequency of abuse, types of abuse; physical, psychological, sexual, financial) and recommend the victim to available services offered in the surrounding area. Do not be judgmental, be objective, and non threatening, ask directly if abuse is occurring, identify the abusers behavior, acknowledge the seriousness of the abuse, help the victim to asses internal strengths, encourage use of personal resources, give the victims a list of shelters, police departments, legal assistance, and financial aid, allow the victim to choose his or her own options, teach victim to develop a safety/escape plan, tell the abuser to stop the abuse and get himself help, do not blame the victim, do not get angry with the victim, refuse no help to the victim even though they are not ready to leave the abuser, do not retaliate with the victim against the abuser, do not encourage the victim to leave the abuser before she is ready. It is however, important to assure the victims they are not alone and they do not deserve the abuse they have become accustomed to. We must impart to them that they have dignity and worth and acknowledge their mental and physical exhaustion, fears, ambivalence about the abusers and leaving, and their wish to help the abuser as well as themselves. The victim may want to try counseling with a community agency or a local pastor, do not discourage this, it is always the victims decision on how to go about, stopping the violence in their own life.

Timeline of the Ancient Maya

Timeline of the Ancient Maya The Maya were an advanced Mesoamerican civilization living in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. Unlike the Inca or the Aztecs, the Maya were not one unified empire, but rather a series of powerful city-states that often allied with or warred upon one another. Maya civilization peaked around 800 A.D. or so before falling into decline. By the time of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century, the Maya were rebuilding, with powerful city-states rising once again, but the Spanish defeated them. The descendants of the Maya still live in the region and many of them continue to practice cultural traditions such as language, dress, cuisine, and religion. The Maya Preclassic Period (1800–300 BCE) People first arrived in Mexico and Central America millennia ago, living as hunter-gatherers in the rain forests and volcanic hills of the region. They first began developing cultural characteristics associated with the Maya civilization around 1800 BCE on Guatemalas western coast. By 1000 BCE the Maya had spread throughout the lowland forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The Maya of the Preclassic period lived in small villages in basic homes and dedicated themselves to subsistence agriculture. The major cities of the Maya, such as Palenque, Tikal, and Copn, were established during this time and began to prosper. Basic trade was developed, linking the city-states and facilitating cultural exchange. The Late Preclassic Period (300 BCE–300 CE) The late Maya Preclassic Period lasted roughly from 300 B.C. to 300 A.D. and is marked by developments in Maya culture. Great temples were constructed: their facades were decorated with stucco sculptures and paint. Long-distance trade flourished, particularly for luxury items such as jade and obsidian. Royal tombs dating from this time are more elaborate than those from the early and middle Preclassic periods and often contained offerings and treasures. The Early Classic Period (300 CE–600 CE) The Classic Period is considered to have begun when the Maya began carving ornate, beautiful stelae (stylized statues of leaders and rulers) with dates given in the Maya long count calendar. The earliest date on a Maya stela is 292 CE (at Tikal) and the latest is 909 CE (at Tonina). During the early Classic Period (300–600 CE), the Maya continued developing many of their most important intellectual pursuits, such as astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. During this time, the city of Teotihuacn, located near Mexico City, exerted a great influence on the Maya city-states, as is shown by the presence of pottery and architecture done in the Teotihuacn style. The Late Classic Period (600–900) The Maya late Classic Period marks the high point of Maya culture. Powerful city-states like Tikal and Calakmul dominated the regions around them and art, culture and religion reached their peaks. The city-states warred, allied with, and traded with one another. There may have been as many as 80 Maya city-states during this time. The cities were ruled by an elite ruling class and priests who claimed to be directly descended from the Sin, Moon, stars, and planets. The cities held more people than they could support, so trade for food, as well as luxury items, was brisk. The ceremonial ball game was a feature of all Maya cities. The Postclassic Period (800–1546) Between 800 and 900 A.D., the major cities in the southern Maya region all fell into decline and were mostly or completely abandoned. There are several theories as to why this occurred: historians tend to believe that it was excessive warfare, overpopulation, an ecological disaster or a combination of these factors that brought down the Maya civilization. In the north, however, cities like Uxmal and Chichen Itza prospered and developed. War was still a persistent problem: many of the Maya cities from this time were fortified. Sacbes, or Maya highways, were constructed and maintained, indicating that trade continued to be important. Maya culture continued: all four of the surviving Maya codices were produced during the Postclassic period. The Spanish Conquest (ca. 1546) By the time the Aztec Empire rose in Central Mexico, the Maya were rebuilding their civilization. The city of Mayapan in Yucatn became an important city, and cities and settlements on the eastern coast of the Yucatn prospered. In Guatemala, ethnic groups such as the Quichà © and Cachiquels once again built cities and engaged in trade and warfare. These groups came under the control of the Aztecs as a sort of vassal states. When Hernn Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521, he learned of the existence of these powerful cultures to the far south and he sent his most ruthless lieutenant, Pedro de Alvarado, to investigate and conquer them. Alvarado did so, subduing one city-state after another, playing on regional rivalries just as Cortes had done. At the same time, European diseases such as measles and smallpox decimated the Maya population. Colonial and Republican Eras The Spanish essentially enslaved the Maya, dividing their lands up among the conquistadors and bureaucrats who came to rule in the Americas. The Maya suffered greatly in spite of the efforts of some enlightened men like Bartolomà © de Las Casas who argued for their rights in Spanish courts. The native people of southern Mexico and northern Central America were reluctant subjects of the Spanish Empire and bloody rebellions were common. With Independence coming in the early nineteenth century, the situation of the average indigenous native of the region changed little. They were still repressed and still chafed at it: when the Mexican-American War broke out (1846–1848) ethnic Maya in Yucatn took up arms, kicking off the bloody Caste War of Yucatan in which hundreds of thousands were killed. The Maya Today Today, the descendants of the Maya still live in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. Many continue to hold to their traditions, such as speaking their native languages, wearing traditional clothes and practicing indigenous forms of the religion. In recent years, they have won more freedoms, such as the right to practice their religion openly. They are also learning to cash in on their culture, selling handicrafts at native markets and promoting tourism to their regions: with this newfound wealth from tourism is coming political power. The most famous Maya today is probably the Quichà © Indian Rigoberta Menchà º, winner of the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize. She is a well-known activist for native rights and occasional presidential candidate in her native Guatemala. Interest in Maya culture was at an all-time high in 2010, as the Maya calendar was set to reset in 2012, prompting many to speculate about the end of the world. Sources Aldana y Villalobos, Gerardo and Edwin L. Barnhart (eds.) Archaeoastronomy and the Maya. Eds. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014. Martin, Simon, and Nicolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames and Hudson, 2008. McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Reprint edition, W. W. Norton Company, July 17, 2006. Sharer, Robert J. The Ancient Maya. 6th ed. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Race and ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Race and ethnicity - Essay Example The identity based on environmental, cultural or historical diversity should have no effect on the fact that human beings can and may live differently. All peoples of the world possess equal faculties and can attain the highest levels of intellectual, technical, social, cultural, economical and political development. The difference between the achievements of the people are entirely attributed to geographical, historic, political, economic, social and cultural factors and by no means should form the basis of rank-ordered or classification of peoples of different races. All human groups no matter what their ethnic origin contribute according to their own genius towards the progress of civilization and culture. Racism and racial prejudice have afflicted the world in ever-changing form. By continuing legislative provisions and administrative practices which are contrary to the principles of human rights, contempt and injustice continues to prevail for certain individuals and groups in a society. An understanding of the racial issue facing America needs to be viewed in a historical context. The African Americans arrived as slaves, shackled in chains and their social status was defined by their captivity. They were regarded as beings of inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either socially or politically. They were deprived of the rights the white man was bound to enjoy and were considered by some as lawful to reduce them to slavery for their benefit. The criteria by which the social worthiness of individuals is judged and discriminations made are class, caste and the cultural history i.e. the legacy of slavery on race relations as in the case of blacks. The ways in which inequality is institutionalized or the ways by which the socially defined categories of person are rewarded unequally for their social contribution, is by ignoring the talents and abilities of individuals. The targeting and mistreatment of ethnic minorities has been a recurrent theme in the history of the modern world. The ethnic cleansing practiced by the Serbians in Bosnia is a recent example and the systematic massacre of the Jews by the Nazis in the Second World War even to this day, is considered a heinous crime by the whole world. Even some European countries have demonstrated very high levels of intolerance, especially towards immigrants of color who have entered their workforce in recent decades. The society we all live in, is an organic system in which various components work together to contribute to the health of the whole system and some of these systems are more important for the survival of the system as compared to others. Functionalism relies on the metaphor that society is a body or a living system. (Rigney 2001, p. 17) Just as a human organism consists of many parts like the brain, heart, kidneys and lungs etc. which work together for the survival of a person, in the same way the society also consists of multiple cooperative components. Functional analysis proceeds not by examining the details of specific interaction but by looking at the society as